From Prime Meridian going west loose 1 hour/15 degrees � east gain 1 hour/15 degrees Regions: Formal (Uniform) � Everyone shared distinct characteristics Functional (Nodal) � Area organized around a focal point Vernacular � A perceptual region � beliefs and cultural identity Spatial Association: The distribution of one phenomenon that is scientifically related to the location of another phenomenon Spatial Distribution: The arrangement of phenomenon across the earth�s surface Distribution: The arrangement of a feature in a space Three types � density, concentration, pattern Density: The frequency of which something occurs. Description. . AP® Human Geography 2013 Scoring Guidelines . Some are orchards, in which they would grow fruit, (that grow on trees). College Board's AP Human Geography course was developed in the 1990s, began in 2000, has grown to become one of College Board's top ten AP exams as of 2015, and has emerged as one of the metatrends in our discipline's 21st century history. Folk culture diffuses slowly to other locations through the process of migration. It is believed that many nomadic hunters settled the land. Streetcar Suburbs: The creation of electric streetcar systems allowed families to move farther from the city's center. An example would be skin color, but its not just skin color. Urban and Regional Planner. however, they are often less densely populated and less ethically diverse than cities. A good example is Roman Catholicism (Pope, Cardinals, Bishops). Scientists use the more accurate term TFR or Total Fertility Rate. This term is usually applied to stage 4 countries. Internal Migration: Permanent movement within a country. . why did the government of brazil relocate its capital to Brazilià? A Streetcar Named Desire Study Guide Students use posters to analyze a character from the play. Total confidentiality. Population Pyramid: A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. Internal Migration- People living in India must migrate to a different part of India to escape the flooding that occurs near them. Around 5500BC hunting was mostly replaced by domesticating animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats, as well as growing cereal grains. Communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel . Travel Writer (Journalist) Treasurer (Corporate) Treatment Plant Operators. Many African countries didn�t enter stage 2 until the late 1950�s due to the medical revolution. AP Human Geography Date. that the inner suburbs aged without a younger p opulation to replace them. Napoleonic Code, French civil code enacted on March 21, 1804, and still extant, with revisions, that was the main influence on the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe and Latin America. This probably began so they would have food to rely on if hunting became bad or in the event of a drought. after world war 2, with the creation of economic expansion, greater purchasing power for many families, the growth of a car-centered lifestyle, and the government's construction of a vast system of new highways, Federal Housing Administration providing mortgage loans for families to move to the suburbs, "White Flight", better transportation methods to drive to work in city, better transportation of ideas through the internet that allows people to work from home, some suburbanites return to live in the city, some suburbanites move farther out into rural areas and work remotely, when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one. The population is bigger than the amount of arable land-which causes more than half of the children to be under-nourished or mal-nourished. View Copy_of_APHG_Ch18_AMSCO_2017 from BIO 123 at Bishop Lynch High School. Countries Attitudes Towards New Immigrants Making it to the desired country isn�t always the end of the complications, once the immigrants reach the country, the citizens may dislike the new people because of cultural differences. Paris, France) Not every country has a primate city Can have primate cities on large and small scales California�s primate city is Los Angeles America lacks a primate city Rank Size Rule: 2nd largest city is � of 1st 3rd largest city is 1/3 of 1st 4th largest city is � of 1st World Cities: Have a large population density because of technology high rise They are cities that have great influence on the whole world They become a world city because they are in the center of the global economic system Highest Tier of World Cities- London, Tokyo, and New York (world�s business capital) 2nd Tier- Chicago, Washington and Los Angeles Megacities: Over 10 million people Experience a sudden rise in population where the infrastructure can�t support the population for a time For the most part Megacities are in LDC�s because the people there are forced to go to urban areas to find work Central Place Theory: Walter Christaller created the central place theory to explain the size and spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services The theory consisted of two basic concepts: 1. �suitcase cities� Typically a place without a high residence area Sandy Springs- used to be part of Atlanta, and then became its own official city To become an edge city, the city has to be newly developed and business oriented- more jobs than homes Ghettoization: Started in Europe Legal restriction of people to certain areas Used to be legalized but not anymore Ghettos refer to areas where populations of mixed income are confined to a certain area even though they might have the means and desire to move Can be economic or social �ghettos� Industrialization and Urbanization: The growing of industry and the growing of population and population density of a city One promotes the other The Industrial Revolution promoted Urbanization Megalopolis: A Greek word meaning great city D.C. Geographer Jean Gottmann named the region in the northeastern US- large metropolitan areas so close together that they now form one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to south of Washington- Megalopolis Primate Cities: Having more than twice the population of the second largest city Center of culture for country Draws citizens because they feel they have to be apart of the city to be successful Most likely to become capital (ex. "Streetcar suburbs" grew outward along main streets, allowing middle-class people to buy homes while still easily getting to jobs downtown. The silt made the soil excellent for growing wheat flax and other crops. Download PDF. Gravity Model 64. The traditional society: the country has not yet started process of development The preconditions for takeoff: the country initiates innovative economic activities The takeoff: there is rapid growth in economic activities The drive to maturity: modern technology diffuses The age of mass consumption: the economy shifts to consumer goods The model assumes that LDCs will achieve development by moving to a higher stage in the model. Now, they are found in less developed countries because of high birth rates and rural-to-urban migration. Now in its third edition, City Lights: Urban-Suburban Life in the Global Society is the most interdisciplinary urban studies book on the market. Found insideA supplemental textbook for middle and high school students, Hoosiers and the American Story provides intimate views of individuals and places in Indiana set within themes from American history. of the 30 largest metropolitan areas in the world, 3 were in Africa (Cairo, Lagos, Kinshasa), 5 were in South Asia (Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, Karachi), and 5 were in South America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Lima, Bogota). Relocation � spreading through physical movement. Industries in US: New England, Middle Atlantic, Mohawk Valley, Pittsburgh-Lake Erie, Western Great Lakes Bulk-Reducing Industry: An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs Example- Copper concentration (pennies) Bulk-Gaining Industry: An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs Example- Soft-drink bottling Break-of-Bulk Point: A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another Urban: Filtering � Urban Decay � Inner-City Decay: The slow digression of a city, usually occupied by low-income people The peripheral model helped to promote this because of the middle-class people moving to the outskirts Redlining: Banks purposely not giving loans to a certain low-income area of a city Illegal, but still happens because it�s hard to prove Urban Renewal: Done by the government To attract businesses To clean up the city and help their reputations Public Housing: Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families� incomes Gentrification: Done privately The process of high income people going to low income places and kicking the people out Usually areas where houses are worn down, looks very trashy The high income people build houses in edgy areas because they want to cut down on their commute Annexation: Official adding of land Can be on national scale or state scale Peripheral Model: Latest version- most up to date Developed in the 1990s (other three developed in early 1900s � outdated) Has to contain a beltway/ring way/ring road A ring road is a road that surrounds the core of the city The purpose is to take this road without going through the city The core of the city � major part � is in the ring road Must contain an edge city Promotes greenbelts Sprawl: The adding of land- not necessarily official Adding/spreading to the metropolitan area (the city and surrounding areas) Taking up arable land Spreads outwards Promotes greenbelts Greenbelts: Designated areas not allowed to be touched by development (parks, nature trails) Sections of land that are designated natural areas- they cannot be built upon Smart Growth: Instead of building outwards they build upwards to save land Increases population density Saves natural areas Central Business District (CBD): Where all big businesses take place in a city Node Nuclei Edge City: Little mini cities on the outskirts that are like the big cities Lots of edge cities in Atlanta Ex. Ethnic groups may live in particular regions of the country, and they may live in particular neighborhoods within cities. Malthus�s Critics: Many geographers believe Malthus� theory is very pessimistic because they based on a belief that the world�s supply is fixed not expanding. That's are more commonly found in Federal governments and are considered an indicator of an urban system that can efficiently provide needed services to its population. characteristics: the presence of an agricultural surplus, the rise of social stratification and a leadership class or urban elite, and the beginning of job specialization, the process of developing towns and cities, an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas. In-Migration: synonym of immigration, moving into a country Out-migration: leaving a country Countries with net out-migrations include Asia, Africa, and Latin America. People are attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in education, career, and a place of residence. It began with low natural increase in stage 1, in stage 2 there is a huge increase in technology and population. h This book is designed for use in survey courses on US Geography, Introduction to Human or Cultural Geography. This website is an ongoing experiment to see how the use of an interactive online platform will enhance students' interest, learning and understanding of Geography, which is a subject many students dislike because of its heavy content. The auto . Unemployment Inspector. � Lester Brown a Stanford University biologist, said Malthus made critical points but missed a couple important points, gains in land productivity, and the preference for eating �higher up the food chain�. Modern Colonies: Today only a handful of colonies remain. Something I've been following with great interest for a long time is the decline of vehicle miles travelled and the increase in demand for in-city living. Life style changes also tend to lead to smaller families in stage 4, and people with more birth control options tend to use them more in stage 4 countries. People in stage 3 countries are more likely to live in cities than in rural areas. About 80 million people are added to the world�s population each year. ? Y g h � � � � . Download Full PDF Package. the first cities were constructed in the southern part of the crescent valley, near the Persian Gulf, by people who became known as the Sumerians. Density does not tell you where something is, just strictly numbers Arithmetic Density: The total number of people divided by the total land area Physiological Density: The total number of people divided by all arable land (farmland) Agricultural Density: The total number of farmers (and family) divided by all arable land Concentration: The spread of something over a given area; Concentration tells you where something is; Can be clustered or dispersed Pattern: The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area Diffusion: The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time Relocation Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend through physical movement of people from one place to another. This is paradoxical as the perceived invisibility of transportation is derived from its efficiency. Understanding how mobility is linked with geography is main the purpose of this book. The islands are: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. South Africa Apartheid: Apartheid is the physical separation of different races into different areas. Threshold- the minimum market 2. Henry Ford was a big reason why suburbs caught on the way they did. Transportation and infrastructure. Push- certain physical conditions cause people to move to different areas like too much or too little water in an area can force people to move. European and North American nations entered stage 3 in the early twentieth century. Due to discrepancies, ZPG is not always accurate. Their most popular destinations were Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. In modern times, the main items that constitute the center is the ", a form of an urban area, which in developing countries tends to include inadequate housing, a fairly modern central business district, and a few well-serviced neighborhoods, a population composed of individuals who are not themselves engaged in agriculture yet have to be housed and fed, which poses a challenge to the urban economy, a city in which the majority of people walk to get from one spot to the other, which was the case for every city, ________ ________ = ________ (site and internal situation), the number of people per unit of land, like a square mile, factor that has the greatest impact on the shape of the modern city, Referring to the Interstate Highway system, A modification of the concentric zone model, --What Continent and Country are marked by. In . Guest Workers: Workers who migrate to the MDCs of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs Temporary Migration for Work: 1. Movement People Goods Ideas 5. The modern movement to divide the world into states originated in Europe. Combining expert scholarship with an accessible style, J. John Palen is one of America's leading urban . A combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from the soil which prevents growing crops. Hierarchical Diffusion � The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other people or places. Some are the headquarters of international organizations. � 1. Start studying AP Human Geography Unit 7. AP Human Geography Chapter 14 Outline Notes Learn more about the Napoleonic Code's development, contents, and influence in this article. Most of Europe�s people live in cities. Cultural Push and Pull Factors: The 2 main push factors are slavery and political instability. The streetcar system allowed people to live farther away from their work. Welcome to the wonderful adventure of Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography! Free features free. New Urbanism is an urban planning and design movement that began in the United States in the early 1980s. Sparsely Populated Regions: Dry Lands- When an area is dry for farming not many people want to live there. Possibilism: The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. To compute you subtract CBR from CDR. �9 2 G G G G G � � � T9 V9 V9 V9 V9 V9 V9 �: � �= � V9 + � � � � � � V9 < + + G G � k9 < < < � � + G + G T9 < � T9 < < � �4 � + + �6 @uHH*�� ? Lots of subsistence farms grow things like tomatoes, corn, potatoes, cucumbers, and spinach. Answer: 3 question As Janice quietly thumbed through the newspaper: Deeter prepared a hearty breakfast: the dog eagerly consumed the scraps of bacon that Deeter dropped on the newly waxed floor. the territory inside officially recognized boundaries. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Hinterland: Same as range in the central place theory geography. Became more common after 1961 when Jean Gottman used it to describe the continuously developed string of cities from Boston through New York and Philadelphia to Baltimore and Washington D.C. Called the "Bos-Wash Corridor" and includes nearly 50 mil residents. Houston (/ ˈ h juː s t ən / HEW-stən) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas, fourth-most populous city in the United States, most populous city in the Southern United States, as well as the sixth-most populous in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 in 2020. surrounds each central place, for which it provides goods and services and from which it draws population. Greenwich Mean Time: The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or zero degrees longitude. they form communities that are connected to the city for jobs and service. Found insideIn A Century of Subways, transit historian Brian J. Cudahy offers a fascinating tribute to New York’s storied and historic subway system, from its earliest beginnings and many architectural achievements, to the ways it helped shape ... survival of land-use system for centuries or millennia without destruction of the environmental base, allowing generation after generation to continue to live there . Crude birth and death rates vary yearly but over time they were comparable. Boca Raton, FL 33431. Mesoamerica eventually went into a subsistence pattern based on the cultivation of plants. With the flooding of rivers irrigation was an important thing to master. This figure is extremely precise, however, since there is no complete database on the world's population, and humans are constantly being born (at the rate of about 3 per second) and dying. They began to cultivate crops which eventually led to farming. Expansion � Spreading in a snowballing process Contagious� rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population � example - influenza Hierarchical- The spread from authority or power to other people � example � political leaders or hip hop music Stimulus� the spread of an underlying principal though the characteristic itself might diffuse � example � principals from Apple computer though the company diffused. His analysis includes major metropolises and small cities,ethnic enclaves and streetcar suburbs, and the northeast corridor and the south.Moreover, this essay succinctly summarizes urban growth, technological advances,architectural milestones, city politics, and social decay in many urban centers.Barrows aptly concludes with a remark by a . Most of humanity�s several-hundred-thousand-year occupancy of Earth was characterized by stage 1 of the demographic transition. Expansion Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process. The streetcar city. It is difficult to meet all the requirements to be able to travel in any way to a new country. Urban form. Most of Ireland is Roman Catholic, but Northern Ireland is 58% Protestant and 42% Roman Catholic. Dependency Ratio- The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force. The time zones are based on Greenwich, England because at the time England was the most powerful country. Location: Relative location Absolute location 2. LibriVox is a hope, an experiment, and a question: can the net harness a bunch of volunteers to help bring books in the public domain to life through podcasting? The US evacuated from Saigon several thousand people who had been closely identified with the American position during the war and who were therefore vulnerable to persecution after the Communist victory. What is an urban system? Pop & Folk Culture: Popular Culture: Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics Folk Culture: Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups Origin of Folk Cultures: Folk customs often have anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators Origin of Pop Cultures: Popular culture is most often a product of the economically more developed countries, especially in North America, Western Europe, and Japan Transition from Folk to Pop Culture: Most of the world turns from folk to pop culture. The large size of then city means that it is easier for individuals with less common cultures, interests, or ways of life to find others who share them. a largely residential area adjacent to an urban area. The annual flooding of the river (which was viewed as a gift from the gods) deposited nutrient rich silt over the land. Internal Migration- Permanent movement within a particular country. 61. What is a pedestrian city? O newspaper, Deeter o breakfast; - the answers to estudyassistant.com Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Infant mortality rate- The annual number of deaths of infants under one year old. Globalization of Culture: Globalization due to interchanging beliefs and customs Globalization of Economy: Globalization due to business Environmental Determinism: Physical environment dictates the social environment Possibilism: Humans have the ability to adjust to the environment Population: Demography: The study of human populations Over Population: The definition of over population is having too many people and to little resources Carrying Capacity: The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support Doubling Time: The time it takes for a population to double Four most over populated regions/Sparsely populated regions in the world (Over populated): East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe East Asia: One fifth of the world�s people live in east Asia. 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