2 contrasting earthquake case studies. Studies indicate that investment in measures to reduce the vulnerability of buildings yields an average value of four times the amount invested. (A) Collapse of façade from two-story CM building due to in-plane deformations in the first story. Population hazard vulnerability analysis has been extensively studied and proven to be effective. The Central U.S. Earthquake Consortium (CUSEC) is a nonprofit organization, funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, In this chapter, our discussion of vulnerability is restricted mainly to that relating directly to ground shaking. Found insideEncompassing theory and field experience, this book covers all the main subject areas in earthquake risk reduction, ranging from geology, seismology, structural and soil dynamics to hazard and risk assessment, risk management and planning, ... We can also mention the RISK-UE project [22] which is an advanced approach to earthquakes risk scenarios with applications to different European towns, financed by the European Commission which is a major step toward the development of a European methodology to assess and mitigate the seismic risk of lifelines and essential facilities in Europe. 2013-10-22T13:28:02-04:00 CanoScan 5600F 5 0 obj India has a very high frequency of great earthquakes. Figure 5.4. ... Development of earthquake vulnerability functions for tall buildings. The seismic vulnerability assessment of historical masonry constructions is a topic of relevant importance, as evidenced in recent earthquakes around the world, especially in Italy (Binda et al., 2011; D’Ayala and Paganoni, 2011; Lagomarsino, 2012; Lucibello et al., 2013; Penna et al., 2014; Crespi et al., 2016; Dal Cin and Russo, 2016; Clementi et al., 2017; Coisson et al., 2017; Valente et al., 2017a; D’Altri et al., 2018). To simplify this, here are examples of overall hazards that can cause more specific disruptions from a small to a catastrophic scale: earthquakes, fire, flood/water damage, tornado, hurricane, human error, power outage, theft, etc. Such collection of experimental evidence, combined with a simplified analytical and numerical approach appears particularly attractive for design purposes as preliminary tool, since it provides a quick estimate of the nonlinear behavior of the single reinforced specimens subjected to standard pull–push tests, and the most significant parameters (loads, eccentricities, boundary conditions, mechanical properties of the constituent materials, etc.) Vulnerability is assessed by a nonlinear static analysis. The random uncertainty associated with this type of analysis is presented in terms of fragility curves that can be modelled as the lognormal distribution. The reasons of high magnitude earthquakes in India are hidden in the tectonic setting of India. Conversely, the macromodeling approach considers masonry as a continuum and homogeneous material in which isotropic or anisotropic behavior can be assumed: such an approach is adopted in this study because it is particularly suitable for large-scale seismic analyses of complex historical masonry constructions, as shown in the literature (Roca et al., 2010; Endo et al., 2015; Castellazzi et al., 2017; Valente et al., 2017b; Clementi et al., 2018). The assessment of earthquake risk constitutes the first step to support decisions and actions to … The aim is to provide an estimate of losses that area or region may suffer during an earthquake. Since the publication of the successful first edition of Earthquake Protection there have been 110 lethal earthquakes, killing 130 000 people; there have also been significant developments in the field of earthquake risk management, ... Various methods for seismic risk assessment have been implemented in countries with strong seismicity; they were ranked in ascending order of complexity, such as: The simplified method developed by Zacek [4] for use by architects written in 1993, is a rapid and inexpensive method for assessing a presumption of buildings vulnerability to earthquakes by visual inspection. The approach proposed by Youd and Perkins (1987) provides a general method for mapping the liquefaction susceptibility based on the geological characteristics of a given area. Brittle concrete towers can collapse, as can “soft story” apartment buildings. Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Program in Colombia: A Probabilistic Cost-benefit Analysis. A separate group of scientists used public records, maps and street surveys to compile a list of nearly 1,500 concrete buildings constructed before 1976 in Los Angeles. These earthquakes have … Earthquake damage to the built environment is caused by a number of factors beyond the principal cause, ground shaking - for example, landslides (as listed in Section 3.1). To account for the vulnerability due to nonseismic loads we rely on survival analysis. Indeed, fatalities from the earthquake indicated that, on For example, in Oregon, the manufactured dwelling installation specialty code explicitly states requirements for anchors and bracing to provide protection against earthquake shaking. << Prior to the Haiti earthquake, a technology like Ushahidi had never been used for an emergency situation of such a massive scale. /Length 3201 A second method is the one proposed by the working group “vulnerability of existing buildings” of the French Association for Earthquake Engineering (AFPS) [19]. In particular the vulnerability assessment involves a great degree of uncertainty due primarily to the high variability A hazard vulnerability assessment (HVA) is a systematic approach to identify all possible hazards that may affect a specific population, assess the risk associated with each hazard (e.g., the probability of hazard occurrence and the consequences for the population), and study the findings to develop a prioritized comparison of hazard vulnerabilities. Found insideThis volume documents some of the recent advances made by Earth scientists that contribute towards a better understanding of the geological hazards in the region. To account for the vulnerability due to seismic hazard, we rely on the procedure described in the American Lifelines Alliance (ALA) [5] guidelines and we propose a simple and rational approach for combining it with the results of survival analysis in order to consider the effect of previously observed breaks in the network (Fig. [5] and then this method was developed by the Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesadai Terremoti of the Italian Consiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche (CNR-GNDT). Owners of each building have been put on notice, and a number of them already have begun the retrofitting process. Pˆf refers to the failure probability at the network level, whereas Pf refers to the failure probability of a single pipe/edge. This method, presented as a guide, was used in Pointe-à-Pître (Guadeloupe) and Fort-de-France (Martinique) to assess the vulnerability of buildings. The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster. Then, some groups of researchers were also invited to present the evaluation of the seismic performance of the structures after knowing the experimental results (postdictions). H��W�n7}�W,����,� ���B;��E�T���Rki��*�����hd;��g�9~. An important issue is indeed represented by the complex modes of rupture that FRCM composites can exhibit, which are more than those expected, for example, for a reinforcing system made by FRP. uses risk assessments in benchmarking exercises to monitor trends in earthquake risk over time. In particular, several masonry churches located in the southern part of the province of Mantua suffered extensive damage (Valente and Milani, 2018b) and required important structural interventions. 5.2, p. 179) of S(t) versus time (Eq. Among other factors, the impact on life depended on building vulnerability and the evolution of construction methods. /Type /Metadata In computer security, a threat is a potential negative action or event facilitated by a vulnerability that results in an unwanted impact to a computer system or application.. A threat can be either a negative "intentional" event (i.e. Masonry constructions are typically complex structures that require a thorough and detailed knowledge and information concerning the behavior of their structural systems (Ceroni et al., 2012; Altunisik et al., 2017; Ascione et al., 2017; Barbieri et al., 2017; Dall’Asta et al., 2018). NSF has developed some of the best facilities for earthquake engineering through its support for the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation. Other parameters identified are a pipe's diameter, age, and year of construction, as well as possible discontinuities along a pipe. The map also considers the vulnerability of structures, especially buildings, to define risk zones. This book defines "national resilience", describes the state of knowledge about resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the main issues related to increasing resilience in the United States. In general, existing masonry buildings present high seismic vulnerability. The risk from a natural hazard is determined by the combined understanding of three components: 1. hazard: how big and how often? Increasing building requirements have improved earthquake resistance, for example phasing out non-engineered construction. Modify the vulnerability Modify the loss. But there is, to our knowledge, no method of seismic evaluation of water tanks. 2)Risk management and adaptation aim to modify the initial vulnerability conditions or hazards. This module is focused on assessing only earthquake shaking hazard and risk. Several examples from past earthquakes are presented in Figs. 5.4. ... but some are more urgent than others. Adopting Shamir and Howard's findings [152] on the breakage rate following an exponential distribution [152] and using the exponential distribution CDF formula, the pipe failure probability Pf is therefore calculated as [5]: where RR=max⁡(RRPGV,RRPGD) and RRPGV, RRPGD are calculated by use of either Eq. D. D’Ayala, in Handbook of Seismic Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems, 2013. (5.13)) and “1-state” that corresponds to success with probability 1−Pf(t). Example features in earthquake safe houses. The risk of specific natural hazards varies widely from region to region. As a response to the challenges involved in conserving these structures, today fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites offer an advantageous solution to restore and reinforce many masonry buildings and monuments. The main objectives of the study are (1) to deeply investigate the seismic performance of the structures under study, identifying the most vulnerable elements, and (2) to obtain important response parameters and damage patterns for different levels (PGA) of seismic action. The seismic vulnerability (or fragility) of buried pipelines is discussed in the American Lifelines Alliance (ALA) guidelines (2001), in which several failure parameters are identified and empirical vulnerability functions/curves are proposed by use of observations from past disruptive earthquakes. It should be noted that Eq. Depending on its value, it is concluded of a presumption of structure vulnerability, ranging from high vulnerability to very low vulnerability, considering intermediate levels. For example, if a building is subject to both floods and earthquakes, the location and elevation of the building are considered to tell how much of its structure and contents will be damaged by flooding. Earthquakes happen suddenly and are immensely destructive. Comparison with experimental evidence shows that these limits are usually underestimated. Results show that the epistemic uncertainty accounts for approximately 11% variation in results, while comparing results for different locations and failure mechanisms show much greater variability. Houses not bolted to foundations can slide. 3 Figure 6 summarizes the evolution of manufactured home standards and design guidelines and shows how the relative vulnerability varies by region and age. On the other hand, the numerical simulation of the seismic response of historical masonry constructions is a very difficult, complex, and computationally demanding task. For example, the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was felt 350 miles away, whereas the New Madrid earthquake of December 1811 rang church bells in Boston, Massachusetts, 1,000 miles away. Many of these structures have not undergone structural evaluation and vulnerability assessment to strong tremors. Found inside – Page iS. A. ) and Chernobyl (U. S. S. R. ) nuclear accidents, Bhopal chemical accident (India), acid rain (Canada, U. S. A. ) and other technological disasters. Such hazards have snuffed out millions of lives, infli endobj This index is a function of the constructive typology and different factors that can change its behavior. Geographic factors affecting earthquake hazard event impacts, including rural/urban location, time of day and degree of isolation ; Part 3: Hazard risk and vulnerability. Pandemic. The modified pipe failure probability that now includes memory of past nonseismic failures is obtained after modifying Eq. The high seismic vulnerability of existing masonry is basically a consequence of low masonry tensile strength. Be Ready! This updated second edition of Social Vulnerability to Disasters focuses on the social construction of disasters, demonstrating how the characteristics of an event are not the only reason that tragedies unfurl. About 20 years ago, after the devastating 1997–98 earthquake in Italy (Umbria–Marche earthquake), the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strips as reinforcements instead of conventional methods appeared immediately groundbreaking. These are all well known in the scientific community and are classified as “conventional,” because of the use of standard concepts of strengthening realized with classical civil engineering materials. The algorithm calculates both the failure probability (Pˆf,ij) and the serviceability ratio (SR) of the network. uuid:4d21711d-f4f3-4278-a245-d5d078f1a853 Park's model of hazard recovery. 14 0 obj Therefore previous earthquake data are still widely used to analyze buildings resulting in robust buildings for future earthquakes. It produces risk metrics such as the exceedance probability curve of the benefit-cost ratio, thus providing the decisionmaker with a more complete risk analysis of the net benefits of the project. For example, strong earthquakes in some regions of the world result in limited human suffering and infrastructure costs, while in others they are massively devastating in human life and property loss. The use of inorganic matrices has since become a popular alternative to circumvent such problems (Triantafillou and Papanicolaou, 2005; Triantafillou, 2011; D’Ambrisi et al., 2013; Carozzi et al., 2014; Razavizadeh et al. As is understandable, since the technology is quite new, there is still a lack of advanced and reliable numerical models for the prediction of the behavior or FRCM masonry-reinforced specimens or structural elements beyond elasticity. Examining key natural events and incorporating strategies to create a safer world, this revised edition is an important resource for those involved in the fields of environment and development studies. The three masonry constructions are some of the most important symbols of the outstanding cultural heritage in Mantua: the damage observed after the earthquake provided strong motivations for deeply investigating the seismic vulnerability of the structures. Ning’er Ms 6.4 earthquake in 2007 as an example, we analyzed the livelihood vulnerability of rural households in Ning’er County, Yunnan, based on data from questionnaires and on-site interviews. The same can be said for disease, hurricane damage, and other occurrences we think of as "natural hazards." Examples of collapse of parapet wall. He has also directed numerous research projects on earthquake vulnerability assessment, loss estimation and disaster mitigation, and is the author of many papers, reports and manuals on these subjects. (B) Collapse of a parapet wall from a CM building. But other damage can be more complex and not as easy to see, such as Increased Flooding Vulnerability (IFV) and Increased Liquefaction Vulnerability (ILV). /Metadata 5 0 R >> This map shows concrete frame buildings in Los Angeles County. to be further used complex 3D-FEM (finite element model) simulations, as presented in the subsequent sections. Both cases of in- and out-of-plane loads are discussed. (B) Collapse of façade from two-story CM building due to amplified out-of-plane acceleration on the second story. These volumes are not only of interest to scientists and engineers but also to the insurance industry, decision makers and practitioners in the sector of civil protection and seismic risk management. 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