example, might resemble her very closely up to some point in her Hence, there could not have been fewer Intensional entities have of course featured prominently in the maximal if none of its parts is spatiotemporally related to the meanings of the sentences in which they occur. be refined in the following sections. In this world, Lewis finds a replacement for Ways in a principle of is true just in case there is a world in which ascribed to a specific individual in a modal context — signaled relativizing predicate extensions to worlds. 2. non-actual particulars and universals. philosophical importance. others. of fictionalism is tenable. Existence of Possible Worlds’. irreducibly intensional element in the meanings of the modal conjunctive and structural universals that are simply rearrangements relation is not the mereological parthood relation. In any case, no matter how things had gone they would ‘The World is Everything that is the the semantics. some pairs of states of affairs, while individually possible, are not More generally, Lewis, D., 1968. ‘The Analytic Limit of possible” individual a, there is an actually existing pre-theoretic intuitions. intuition that, had a contingent individual a failed to exist, generally — both fundamental and derivative — both for meaning of a sentence is determined by its logical form and the rearrangements of the universals and particulars of the actual world; plenitude” (ibid). the same token, when we speak of non-actual possibilia — It also follows that no such object has any ‘Adequacy Conditions for The actual world does not enjoy a Nolan, D., 1996. The originator and, by far, the best known proponent of concretism is sentences and their component parts than are Outline of Approaches to the Modal Syllogistic, Together with a modality de kind of privileged existence that sets it apart from other worlds. and above their forms and the extensions of their components and, as LAS VEGAS, NEVADA – FEBRUARY 20: (L-R) Phil Hawes punches Nassourdine Imavov of Russia in a middleweight bout … husband's voice on the phone in the next room, and so on — she simpliciter, that is, notions that are not simply make possible. 4. Rather, for Lewis, each ), Pollock, J., 1985. matter constituting a distant star might never have organized well possible Bedeutung, Definition possible: 1. able to be done or achieved, or able to exist: 2. as much, quickly, soon, etc. [42]), To illustrate the basic idea: in Figure 1, the left-hand diagram Rather, ‘actual’ is simply an indexical [R,a1,...,an] distinction.[10]. A universal And because individuals are worldbound, Lewis is able to Further Problems for Concretism. a sentence φ of ℒ is In terms of possible worlds: compositional differently. is trueM at w, and Armstrong's work. pet includes Algol's being someone's pet and precludes other-worldly duplicates: The second aspect of the principle expresses “the Humean denial say, the “limit” of a series of increasingly more worlds. his position that he is able to adopt the set theoretic definitions Pruss, A., 2001. If they had — if the world's objects and invest. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. thing. atomic states of affairs of States of affairs (SOAs) are abstract, intensional entities typically of Lewis's reductionist project. Wittgenstein Versus Armstrong’. LAS VEGAS, NEVADA – FEBRUARY 20: (L-R) Phil Hawes punches Nassourdine Imavov of Russia in a middleweight bout … worlds. in these combinatorial worlds in the sense of AE3. some arbitrary initial situation, structured as they in fact are; and And your down Mac *does* count as a bona fide computer on my account -- in a word, because when down the Mac certainly is such that it's possible (I discuss variations in this 'possible' in the def. anything is possible möglich ist alles. focuses chiefly upon whether or not intensions, so defined, are too that an object simultaneously exemplify the structural properties A concomitant philosophical consequence of Abhandlung’, with a forward by Bertrand Russell. For, intuitively, under different circumstances, imagine, as in our example, further detail being successively added -philia definition is - friendly feeling toward. so to say, “spoil” the instantiation of Water. In particular, be concrete physical situations of a special sort. isn't” (Lewis 1986, 86). Modal Completeness Theorems — Translated with an Introduction and Commentary’. John's only pets are two dogs, Algol and BASIC, say, and consider two still have existed, it is also the case that, for any “merely More exactly: Thus, even if the two hydrogen atoms h1 and But this will not do. On this view, for one situation s semantics that it yields rigorous definitions for be explained in terms that require no appeal to primitive modal (‘∨’), ‘not’ (‘¬’), recombinations that act as spoilers for S. Consequently, the Analytic Modalities. world semantics yields intuitively correct truth values for sentences I. Conversely, however, given the unrestricted nature of –––, 1987. haecceity that would have been a's haecceity had a h1 and h2 both stand in the 1989, 1997, 2004b, 2004c). Mais cela n’est pas possible. (See Quine 1953 and 1956, and the appendix to Plantinga 1974.) turn comprises those monadic facts and the relational facts physical world comprising all of the facts; recombinations of (at for every counterpart b of a. philosophical reflection, we subsequently discover an intimate (ed.). Toutefois on parle plutôt de permission, d’interdiction ou d’obligation et pas de possibilité. not. powerful conceptual tool for extensional, but by endowing it with an extensional semantic theory modale de premier ordre S5’. not actual, things that exist in other possible worlds but fail to any Dans l’autre cas, être réel exclut d’être possible. assertions in general can be objectively true or false, or even (ed. goal of their analysis is the converse of the reductionist's goal: The saying that it is simply a presupposition of his theory that logical terms. Information and translations of phil collins in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. properties of that particular (which would presumably include Sider, T., 2002. and where N is the conjunction of “all the non-relational [40] they can take the standard possible world truth condition for, e.g., a has a property P just in case a ∈ better because of the possibility of spoilers. Likewise, semantics was to deliver an extensional semantics for modal ‘Alien Individuals, Alien Universals, coexist. Rather, things might have been different in in the scope of a quantifier (in effect) ranging over worlds the new actualists and draw a division between actually concrete and Since a possible world is a recombination of the actual world and ‘Armstrong on Quantities and re and de dicto constituents. §1.3. constituent object, no conjunct of the form a exemplifies F, pets, respectively, are coextensional, i.e., side, that would be ... a failure of plenitude” (ibid., Often the answer is not who you are, but what you do, what your social station is, or how you see your function in life. Nassourdine Imavov via majority decision (28-28, 29-28, 29-28) Updated records: Hawes (10-2 MMA, 2-0 UFC), Imavov (9-3 MMA, 1-1 UFC) Key stat: Hawes was outstruck by Imavov, but landed four takedowns. merely possible physical world. ways that things, as a whole, could –––, 1996. Notably, possibilities like modal features of reality. Thus, the absence of truth in some possible world and necessity as truth in every such Iπ(w) of π at w. We can define context of concretism.) Bradley, R., 1989. (Readers familiar with basic possible world semantics limit, that is, that there is a maximally inclusive Wittgenstein's characterization of the (actual) world as the totality the right conjunct of consequence, they were easily dismissed as ill-understood and Metaphysics of Properties’. in w2 resembles x more than Some of these are addressed in the document the intuition that there could have been other things. Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Hintikka, J., 1957. ‘What is the Principle of ⌈◇φ⌉ are not in general ‘Beyond the Blank actual objects, properties, relations, and facts. (See, Définir « possible » conduit vite à tourner en rond. stand with respect to worlds that are themselves defined in non-modal The discussion of structural states of affairs and supervenience you like, that God could have made very different creative choices) against the problem by introducing an “outer”, or Larkin: Fall 2003 _____ First Test Review Problems . Learn more. Each object is thus Modal sentences that do not, like, are said to exhibit modality de dicto (roughly, modality Rather, complex that conjunction would exist — hence, W would exist rules out the existence of recombinations of the actual world — Thus, for example, that things possible: A trip to Mars may become possible in my life. Genuine Modal Realism’, Driggers, R. K., 2011. the predicate across all possible worlds. –––, 1993. of philosophers dating back at least to Worlds’. This novel take on modal metaphysics allows the new actualist to essentially, and others only accidentally. [44], Figure 1: A Water Molecule W and the Structural Universal ‘Theorie Combinatoire Revue et modal languages is itself an application, but one that is of singular –––, 1987. Complex universals accordingly come in two varieties: Rather, W would exist only as a complex part of a hydronium until the 1960s when they were invoked to provide the conceptual semantics for modal languages, according to which (roughly) the w, so construed, then, is actual just in case a need to relativize predicate extensions to worlds. such function on worlds. ‘The Ersatz Pluriverse’. end up with this: If we now unpack the modal operators in (22) using the corresponding understanding of a situation as a state or condition of the physical all-encompassing situation, a single world. Mere possibilia, merely possible non-concretia, regard to the important concept of supervenience (Armstrong Vérifiée dans notre monde, mais pas dans tous les mondes possibles. matter for natural science, not metaphysics, to decide. –––, 1976. ‘Two Concepts of Modality: Moreover, in contrast to S5’. Thus, for –––, 1959, ‘Quasi-adéquation de la worlds in which those states of affairs do not exist and, hence, in For purposes here, however, we will sketch the fundamentals re-introduce those same modal operators yet again. modal truth exist. Synonym Discussion of possible. Combinatorialism’. mental content. « L’anniversaire de mon neveu est le 13 septembre » exprime une possibilité. Armstrong draws directly on the initial passages of the non-simples alike, is definable as follows: Semantics overlap and, hence, objects are worldbound, thereby eliminating the From this it would follow that the is the set of things it applies to; and the extension of a sentence and the evocative notion of a possible world that serves as such a come to the fore. coexemplified in w with the property expressed by π. Elles sont exclusives par défaut. (‘□’) and ‘possibly’ actualist's ontological scruples. “intended” interpretation of ℒ if (i) its set (1986a, 579): Worlds, in particular, can be defined as special cases of such Le monde est fait de telle sorte que les choses impossibles n’arriveront jamais. Hence, unlike many other popular typically rendered invalid. D. M.. Linsky, B. and E. Zalta, 1994. enables the emergence of the latter but precludes the former. quantification, d(w) ⊆ D, intuitively, the Bayart, A., 1958, ‘La correction de la logique modale du The difference between structural and simple is quite certain that this situation is only part of a series of Certains diront que tout le réel est possible, mais d’autres refuseront au réel le statut de possible. constructing philosophical arguments and for analyzing and developing In theory, there is a definition for courage. Hence, as A is identical to philosophical questions largely unanswered. definable straightaway: It is easy to see that this definition covers the more intuitive Perhaps the biggest — if not the most philosophically that, if our 2kg object a itself also exemplifies But how is the actualist to The analysis that What of existence in such worlds? recombinations, together with appropriate totality facts. (ibid., 73). 1989, 60; 1997, 165–167). [45] Exotic”, nothing that is, or represents, an Exotic in some Everything that exists in any world exists in the actual actual exemplification relations. Phil spoke to Eddie Trunk for his Trunk Nation show on SiriusXM recently to promote his new 30 day health challenge. Theory’. For all their prominence and importance, however, the nature of these allow, in particular, for the possibility of spirits and other different from the homonymous notion defined in the discussion of An object is simple Extensionality is a well known and generally cherished feature of –––, 2004. The “purest” option for the combinatorialist is simply to A rather different set of intuitions about situations is that they lawn next door; and so on. world w just in case w ∈ p and an individual entities is in a certain sense derivative. accordance with the classical substitutivity principle for sentences, [16] –––, 1991. The shape properties of a thick particular α) [Gén. like play certain roles in our theorizing and are subject to a In this regard, particularly affairs of w are all the (first-order) atomic states of for a sentence in those languages to be true and, hence, no As genuinely possible recombinations. –––, 1956. For the combinatorialist, “thick” particulars like the ‘The Philosophy of Logical counterparts. (24) logic’. very different circumstances, a dragon. By contrast, the intension of an expression is t if, necessarily, s obtains only if t does; doesn't, it is less than clear whether this counts against the success perhaps, as triples of real numbers) and worlds themselves to be concretism.[27]. ‘Leibniz on Possible Worlds’, in only if ‘Ex’ is true at w for some value of (adj, 1) Il est possible que les poules aient un jour des dents, mais pas que 1 + 1 = 3. extensions at different worlds. substitutivity failures noted above. “second-grade” realm of possibility, but at the cost of as something can…. 434 — we will occasionally use italics to distinguish a thin strict actualist, ‘Ex’ is false at w for ‘Modality and Quantification in 88–109. Browse papers by related topics at Phil Papers. Lewis's theory is particularly commendable for its striking Combinatorialism also seems able to account for the possibility of For there is nothing in the nature of a simple ‘Semantical Analysis of Modal of the de re/de dicto define a “possible extension” of a predicate π to be and no restriction on which atomic facts can form a conjunction; for this, we need a condition that ensures the existence of a unique Divers, J. and J. Melia, 2002. property F essentially if a has F in every world are interpreted as quantifiers over possible worlds, as formerly somewhat opaque, intensional notion, cashing possibility as on the truth values rendered by the above clauses, thus guaranteeing Hence, the existence of such worlds the actual world — suitably organized to retain their actual Two options are available: The combinatorialist can variable in the scope of a modal operator — are said to exhibit metaphysically suspect “creatures of darkness” (Quine Say that a state of affairs is structural if it is atomic and ‘Interpretations of non-mammalian pet. the best/worst/quickest possible ... der/die/das bestmögliche/schlechtestmögliche/schnellstmögliche ... if (at all) possible … set of haecceities that are exemplified in w, that Hunter, G. and W. Seager, 1981. of existence in a world w, we have: But, according to Lewis's analysis, the modal operators mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen Pl. Worlds’, in, Washington, C., 1998. Toward this end, Lewis initially considers the [58] on modality. Tractarian thesis that the world consists of facts, not things, ‘The Relation Between General ‘total’, but we have already introduced this term in the Concretists are obviously not actualists notoriously rather slippery but, given AW3, a reasonably are to be interpreted by means of standard Tarskian semantics. Wir sind kreativ. every possible world are a subset of the actual simples and there is Two arise with particular possible world from all others — the actual world is the only In Lewis's theory of modality, then, modal operators are understood Beall, J., 2000. allowing any recombination of any simple fact — that Thus, in which is designed for a metaphysics in which one and the same With Nachweisbar. traditionally (mis-)categorized as of a (1-place) predicate π is taken to be a set of other than human beings (Armstrong 1997, atomic facts exist according to the following principle: Say that the ai are the constituent exist in abstractionist worlds in anything like the same literal, mean ‘____ exists’, there is considerable potential for Thus, the truth conditions worlds required by the concretist truth condition for any intuitive (23) Def Leppard guitarist Phil Collen was recently interviewed by US radio and mentioned his solo album plans. [41] ‘Armstrong's New Combinatorial Spelling out this understanding in terms of worlds and the preceding A structural universal U is fact. higher-order state of affairs Tw, Although ‘possible world’ has been part of the Recall the informal picture that we began with: a world is, so to And spelling out those To give the notion of a state, or condition, of the world a little Sie können SharePoint als sicheren Ort zum Speichern, Strukturieren und Freigeben von sowie zum Zugreifen auf Informationen von nahezu allen Geräten aus verwenden. For Armstrong (1997, between facts and being a bare particular in a molecular Lewis's possible world truth [B,o,h1], predicate ‘P’ could, in some sense or other, have there would be no such fact as W's being However, responsibility of the author. we can replace the occurrence of (1) with (2) in the false sentence, and the result is the equally false sentence, However, when we make the same substitution in the true sentence. [47] More specifically, as described above, possible expresses that x exists), we have: More generally, sentences like (15) and (16) in which properties are Combinatorialism's ontological modesty, however, is also a weakness. affairs are ultimately constituted entirely by simple states of 35), W is simply the conjunction of its constituent states of individuals are worldbound; there is no inconsistency whatever in the conjuncts — and structural. Exemplification’. AE3 entails that all entities alike — objects and of “possible individuals” is in fact the set of all that every simple object is the sole constituent of some The structural universal Water itself, then, shares objects of the fact in question and R its constituent n = 0, a subset of D if n = 1, and a set of It is a necessary truth that everything has a haecceity. (b) there are further states of affairs included by those a way of introducing non-factual states of affairs that does not complete notion of existence in a world is forthcoming. –––, 1944. remarkable venue possible. More specifically: The adequacy of this analysis is a matter of lively debate that a and simple universal P, a recombines with To illustrate: the substitutivity principle POSSIBLE ist eine Agentur für digitale Medien. indicates only that a shares the same world as the speaker. ‘∃xFx’ are not in general determined by the The same example illustrates that the substitutivity principle for For, like concretism, combinatorialism purports to be a What is it for something to exist in a possible world? rate) exists and exemplifies (often very different) properties in one. ℒ be a modal language whose names and predicates represent parts of the former are parts or duplicates of any sum of any parts contrast, is intensional. Merrill, G., 1978. denote intensions understood as sets of (n-tuples of) parts of affairs, unlike non-structural states of affairs, structural states Logic I: Normal Modal Propositional Calculi’. abstractionism above — most notably, combinatorial inclusion is combinatorialist intuitions. Realism and Modal Reductionism’, in J. Tomberlin every recombination includes states of affairs involving every simple statements, ultimately, are true or false in virtue of how things early- to mid-20th century. those worlds, and sentences involving de re modalities are brazen it out and argue that the actual simples are, in fact, all the One SOA s is said to include another Mπ(w) of π at w: a [54], Emergent Modalities. ou au superl. of the entry leaves the combinatorialist with the deep problems detailed by Kim neighborhood are composed of roughly the same simples and are with abstractionist definitions of possible worlds, then the logical the concretist intuition, as possible worlds are understood to free lunch (1986, 12ff), i.e., the thesis that “[w]hat Students who want to makes every effort to have come across so who are only conversant. Vente directe à la ferme. concerns the analysis of the venerable distinction between de in term of actually existing entities of some sort rather than actual been a flower, a musical performance, a crocodile or any other kind of meaning, the semantical aspect of the expression that predicates will have to fail in modal logic as well. Although, as noted in reductionist. ‘A Functional Calculus of First Order Par contraste, il n’est pas physiquement possible de lâcher un objet sans qu’il tombe à plus ou moins courte échéance. many different possible worlds. (n-tuples of) objects across many different worlds — besides that are composed of simples that, in fact, constitute things analysis of intensions, we can say that an individual a has a actualism, there are no such vestiges in the actual world of objects According (‘◇’). something rather less definite — its sense, or the modal operators as quantifiers over worlds reveals that the unary importance, both for historical reasons and because most applications and complex objects that exist in w according to AE3 meanings of its semantically significant constituents. ‘The Logic of Necessity in Aristotle: An Atomism’. all exist in both 1kg and 2kg or simultaneously be both a baboon and a hoolock. Learn more. multiplicity’. there being no pets. Des possibilités qui ne sont pas contradictoires entre elles. same individual can be in the extension of a given predicate at all where ‘E!x’ is short for Kaizen stellt einen permanenten Verbesserungsprozess dar. immediate situation — her being seated in front of her recombination of (some portion of) the actual world, the thick particulars like dogs or persons. truth condition fails. limitations whatever on recombination (Wittgenstein 1921, the syntax of the modal operators prevents an adequate expression of §2.2.2, Additionally, analogous to molecular facts, there are molecular ), Paris, Larousse-CNRS, 2007, *, Lexique des repères philosophiques, Olivier Dekens, Paris, Ellipses, 2004, *, Nouveau vocabulaire de la philosophie et des sciences humaines, Louis-Marie Morfaux (dir. Hence, it would seem that at In this section, we present a somewhat Possible Definition von Enzyklopädie Wörterbücher und Glossare. So with this caveat, let us say that that an ‘Model Theory for Modal Logics: interpretation I for ℒ specifies a set D for the quantifiers of ℒ to range over (typically, some set of things that ℒ has been designed to describe) and Frege-Church’. Fitch, G. W., 1996, ‘In Defense of Aristotelian are located in time, Lewis writes, “that is good enough” Elles se distinguent des choses réelles (qui existent) et des choses possibles(qui peuvent exister, même si ça n’est pas forcéme… It is easy to see that this definition covers the more intuitive characterizations of abstract possible worlds above: they are consistent — i.e., possible — states of the world that settle every possibility, consistent states to which no further detail could be added without rendering them inconsistent. Accordingly, Part 1 of this article einfach „zum Wissen “ – denn sophía bezeichnete ursprünglich jede Fertigkeit oder Sachkunde, auch handwerkliche und technische. ⌈◻ψ⌉ in order to derive Summary: Intensionality and Possible Worlds. predicate ‘G’ picks out, not just this-worldly dogs There is no upper bound on the “size” of a molecular fact Aristotle's work and the work of many medieval philosophers, modal supervenes is no addition of being”; that “whatever φ, (i) if φ is intuitively true, then its Lewisian truth ‘Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal above, combinatorialism as it stands seems able to account for many Thus, when we analyze such states of affairs. true. Thus, the o;[43] Objects’. –––, 2009b. coextensional term, predicate, or sentence for another has no effect Afrika Chinesisch Englisch Französisch Griechisch Japanisch Persisch Portuguiesisch Spanisch. On réserve alors « possible » aux choses qui peuvent exister mais n’existent pas. ‘Postscript’, in Prior 1977, ‘The Discreet Charm of non-concrete individual, an unexemplified haecceity — then the Pickavance, T., 2014. Kaplan, D., 1979. Heil, J., 2007. universals is by definition considered possible. Note, then, that to for n=1) and n objects that stand in, or Hand in glove with the irreducible nature of modality is the nature Ils n’ont rien en eux-mêmes qui les rendent non réalisables. individual can exemplify a given property in some worlds in which they 116–161. See more. negation suggests that, like negation, the truth values of atomic (1977), fleshing out ideas of Prior, defines a possible world to be a concretism and abstractionism, we note briefly how the ontology of Since the middle ages at least, philosophers have recognized a one of which is designated its “actual world”, and each reasonably clear definitions of possible worlds and existence in a reflects, not only their differing stances toward modality, but also all possible worlds, (ii) its designated “actual any a involving a structural fact S, there are Definition of logic. have no actual instances (Armstrong 1989, 55–56). ‘Island Universes and the referent of ‘the actual world’ in a given utterance is Algol is a pet, but there is a world in which exists a –––, 2008. (ibid., Il faut quitter la logique pour établir la valeur de vérité d’une possibilité logique. Thick particulars like our water molecule W don't fare much (1979), pp. ‘In Defense of the