"[47] During the same decade, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, one of the first to imagine of a modern political union of Europe, founded the Pan-Europa Movement. [3], Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52% of EU citizens believed in a god, 27% in "some sort of spirit or life force", and 18% had no form of belief. The President and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years. [191] The EU also operates the Schengen Information System[15] which provides a common database for police and immigration authorities. [134] Generally speaking, they can be classified into two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures (regulations) and those which specifically require national implementation measures (directives).[135]. [226][227] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states. This process applies to nearly all areas, including the EU budget. Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the French and American Revolutions after the demise of Napoléon's Empire (1804–1815). [104] The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts. The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and Austria, Europol Headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands, Eurojust Headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands, Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the EU's common commercial policy. [x] In more recent years, these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual orientation. Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. L’union douanière de l'Union européenne est constituée des États membres de l'Union européenne et de quatre de ses pays voisins : Andorre, Monaco, Saint-Marin et Turquie. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.[243]. [80][81] In 2015, 5.1 million children were born in the EU-28 corresponding to a birth rate of 10 per 1,000, which is 8 births below the world average. In 1979, the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held.[64]. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".[118][119]. [148] The other 26 Commissioners are subsequently appointed by the Council of the European Union in agreement with the nominated President. The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. During the centuries that followed the fall of Rome in 476, several European states viewed themselves as translatio imperii ("transfer of rule") of the defunct Roman Empire: the Frankish Empire (481–843) and the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) were thereby attempts to resurrect Rome in the West. [citation needed] For example, in 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their national authority. L'union douanière fut la première mission de la Communauté économique européenne, établie en 1958.Elle n'entra cependant en vigueur que dix ans plus tard, le 1 er juillet 1968 [1 [ad], The Competition Commissioner, currently Margrethe Vestager, is one of the most powerful positions in the commission, notable for the ability to affect the commercial interests of trans-national corporations. [305] This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due to objections over the application of free market principles to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs. [1] Similarly, the Court of Justice of the European Union uses French as the working language,[98] while the European Central Bank conducts its business primarily in English. In 2020, the first ever European Union Strategy on LGBTIQ equality was approved under Helena Dalli mandate.[271]. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty. [157] Next comes "agriculture" with approximately 31% of the total. [117] The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%). and is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria. [283], Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. But in 1952, disappointed at what they saw as the lack of progress within the Council of Europe, six nations decided to go further and created the European Coal and Steel Community, which was declared to be "a first step in the federation of Europe". Règlement  2913/92 du Conseil établissant le Code des douanes communautaire, 31992R2913, adopté le 12 octobre 1992, union douanière entre l'Union européenne et la Turquie, Territoires associés à l'Union européenne, options de retrait dans l'Union européenne, L'union douanière de l'Union européenne : protéger les citoyens et faciliter les échanges commerciaux, Stratégie douanière de l'Union européenne, Politique étrangère de l'Union européenne, accord institutionnel en cours de négociations, Relations avec des instances internationales, Service européen pour l'action extérieure, Instrument de voisinage et de partenariat, Accord de libre-échange complet et approfondi, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_douanière_de_l%27Union_européenne&oldid=178793736, Page géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées, Article avec une section vide ou incomplète, Portail:Relations internationales/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Ces déclarations sont publiées au Journal officiel de l'Union européenne en annexe du présent règlement. International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is growing steadily. In 1999 the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. It consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by the Court of Justice and derived from the "constitutional traditions common to the member states. [o] The EU's highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps, 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level. Title: Attestation de déplacement vers la France métropolitaine et les territoires ultramarins depuis un pays extérieur à l'espace européen pour les ressortissants de pays tiers (y compris britanniques) - tous les pays hormis les états membres de l’Union européenne, Andorre, Islande, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norvège, Saint-Marin, Suisse et Vatican Across the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale". [18] The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation and a federation,[136][137] but has not formally defined itself as either. The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. [262], The policy's price controls and market interventions led to considerable overproduction. According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2015 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 71.6% of the EU population. It consists of a government minister from each member state and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed. The Union has also established agencies to co-ordinate police, prosecutorial and immigrations controls across the member states: Europol for co-operation of police forces,[189] Eurojust for co-operation between prosecutors,[190] and Frontex for co-operation between border control authorities. The Euro vs. The Council focused primarily on values—human rights and democracy—rather than on economic or trade issues, and was always envisaged as a forum where sovereign governments could choose to work together, with no supra-national authority. [r], The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt[170]. For the various levels of integration within European Countries including EU Member States, see, Economic and political union of European states, International organisations in which the union has membership, International cooperation and development partnerships, European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom), Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters, The 24 languages are equally official and accepted as working languages. [15] A monetary union was established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. [250] In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as primary energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less than 3% is produced in the EU. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. – discuss]. [272][273] Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). The charter is a codified catalogue of fundamental rights against which the EU's legal acts can be judged. Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. The French Defence budget is higher than that of Germany, Italy, or the UK (which left the EU in early 2020), see. This is reflected in the fact that the member states remain the 'masters of the Treaties', retaining control over the allocation of competences to the Union through constitutional change (thus retaining so-called Kompetenz-kompetenz); in that they retain control of the use of armed force; they retain control of taxation; and in that they retain a right of unilateral withdrawal from the Union under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The commission has named one of its central buildings in Brussels after Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since 1949 awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of European unification. Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. [215][216], In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4% and five had met or exceeded the 0.7% target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Les code des douanes communautaire (puis de l'Union européenne) sont la codification des normes fixant et définissant la législation applicable aux importations et exportations de marchandises entre la CEE (puis l'UE) et les pays tiers. The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system. [184], Since the creation of the EU in 1993, it has developed its competencies in the area of justice and home affairs; initially at an intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism. [164][165], EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards. [202], The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes. [57] These men and others are officially credited as the founding fathers of the European Union. Lesdits États membres peuvent y renoncer, en tout ou en partie, à tout moment. Due to its global influence, the European Union has been described by some scholars as an emerging superpower.[23][24][25]. [103], A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, represented by the Balto-Slavic,[i] the Italic,[j] the Germanic,[k] the Hellenic,[l] and the Celtic[m] branches. Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership. The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi). Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological figure of Europa has frequently been employed as a personification of Europe. and Upper Silesian area (Katowice, Ostrava et al.). The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms,[308] though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":[309]. The population of the UK is roughly 0.9% of the world's population. [160][161] In their report on 2009 the auditors found that five areas of Union expenditure, agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially affected by error. [288], The EU has no major competences in the field of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation[p] which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants. The 705 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every five years on the basis of proportional representation. In other areas the EU and its member states share the competence to legislate. [158] The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe. du 28 juillet 2015. complétant le règlement (UE) n o 952/2013 du Parlement européen et du Conseil au sujet des modalités de certaines dispositions du code des douanes de l’Union. That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. [30][31] Medieval Christendom and the political power of the Papacy have been cited as conducive to European integration and unity.[32][33][34][35][relevant? It elects the commission's president, must approve the College of Commissioners, and may vote to remove them collectively from office. [266], The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018. [171] When European countries started to cooperate economically in 1951, only Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands participated. [264], The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.[248]. In 1960, the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP. Article 39 (ex Article 33) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. [323], The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on most member states. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). [329], This article is about the European Union. ", Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing migration from Africa and Asia, referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union, formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU, List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, list of urban areas in the European Union, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, UN Conference on Environment and Development, 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU, Directive on services in the internal market, Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, European Securities and Markets Authority, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship, Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, European Commissioner for the Environment, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union, Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, research and technological framework programmes, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, Special member state territories and the European Union, List of multilateral free-trade agreements, European Union–United Kingdom free trade agreement, Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe, "European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe", "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 (EU countries)", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey", "Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century", "The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities", "Activities of the European Union: Internal Market", "Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union", "Brexit day: end of an era as United Kingdom leaves EU – as it happened-GB", "European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 (global)", "A European Cultural Identity? In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the Union.[71]. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004). the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from 31% (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average (€30,000) to 253% (Luxembourg), or from €4,600 to €92,600. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. More than half (56%) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue. The European Commission conducts its internal business in three procedural languages: English, French, and German. [244] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan, as agreed by both Brussels and the target country. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world". (Irish version pictured), A European vehicle registration plate, consisting of a blue strip on the left side with the EU flag symbol, along with the country code of the member state in which the vehicle is registered. It aims to detect and stop illegal immigration, human trafficking and terrorist infiltration. ", "Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union", "An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra", "IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it breakthrough to give sports more power", "Sports coaches from Israel travel to UK for training", "Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32", Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen, "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem", "Der Karlspreisträger Seine Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II. [205] The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU. [275], Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe. [144][145][146] The commission is 'guardian of the Treaties' and is responsible for their efficient operation and policing. [324], The European Union has contributed to peace in Europe, in particular by pacifying border disputes,[325][326] and to the spread of democracy, especially by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring Eastern European member states after the collapse of the USSR. There is a strong dependence on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to reduce. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. Languages in the European Union", "Cyprus asks to make Turkish an EU language", Proposal for an ACT OF ADAPTATION OF THE TERMS OF ACCESSION OF THE UNITED CYPRUS REPUBLIC TO THE EUROPEAN UNION, "MEPs push for EU recognition of Catalan, Welsh languages", "Committee of Ministers – European Year of Languages Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1539", "Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union", "EU celebrates 50th birthday-with a row about religion", "Answers – The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions", "Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)", "European Commission – Enlargement – Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries", "Iceland's EU bid is over, commission told", "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years", "Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge, European Environmental Agency", "Europe's overseas territories: What you need to know", "EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions", "Institutional affairs: Council of the European Union", "Institutions: The Council of the European Union", "MEPs must be elected on the basis of proportional representation, the threshold must not exceed 5%, and the electoral area may be subdivided in constituencies if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system", "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Q&A on Interinstitutional Agreement on Budgetary Discipline and Sound Financial Management 2007-2013", "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "European auditors point to errors but sign off EU's accounts – some UK media decline to listen to what the auditors say", "Annual Report of the Court of Auditors on the implementation of the budget concerning the financial year 2009, together with the institutions' replies", "Protection of the European Union's financial interests – Fight against fraud – Annual Report 2009 (, "Hungary and Poland block EU coronavirus recovery package", "EU budget blocked by Hungary and Poland over rule of law issue", Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, "The Legal Personality of the European Union", United Nations Convention against Corruption, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, "Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union", Article 2, Treaty on European Union (consolidated 1 December 2009), "Respect for fundamental rights in the EU – general development", "Europe Unveils New Sanctions Plan for Human Rights Violations", "Emily O'Reilly re-elected European Ombudsman | News | European Parliament", "European arrest warrant replaces extradition between EU Member States", "Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility (Brussels II)", "Minimum standards on the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States", "European police office now in full swing", "Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU level", "Qualified-Majority Voting: Common commercial policy", EU states envisage new foreign policy giant, "European External Action Service gives Europe voice on world stage", "Swiss to vote on whether to end free movement deal with EU", "Large majority of Swiss reject bid to rein in immigration from EU, says exit poll", "The EU 'neutrals,' the CFSP and defence policy", "Statement of the Presidency of the Permanent Council of the WEU", Military spending saw biggest increase in a decade in 2019. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the European Council (currently Charles Michel), the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state (either its head of state or head of government). There is a significant variation in Nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. [282] The EU has a target of zero GHG emission by 2050. The European Commission is doing its utmost to allow people to meet friends and family and to ensure free movement of citizens, goods and services – with full respect of health and safety measures. [280], Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by 2050 were suggested in 2018 - 2019. [194] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[68]. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around €24,000 (US$30,000)[239] in 2015. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen.
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